Congestive Heart Failure

Congestive heart failure is a clinical syndrome of ventricular dysfunction causing pulmonary/systemic congestion and low cardiac output, classified as HFrEF (reduced EF), HFpEF (preserved EF), or HFmrEF. Clinical: dyspnea, orthopnea, edema, fatigue, rales. Treatment: guideline-directed medical therapy (ACEi/ARB/ARNI, beta-blocker, MRA, SGLT2 inhibitor); loop diuretics for congestion; treat underlying cause (ischemia/valve/HTN); device therapy (CRT/ICD); cardiac rehab; transplant/LVAD for end-stage.

Common Symptoms

Dyspnea/orthopnea; edema; fatigue; rales; by HFrEF/HFpEF/HFmrEF

Causes and Pathogenesis

Ischemia/HTN/valve/dilated cardiomyopathy causes ventricular dysfunction and congestion.

Treatment

GDMT; diuretics; treat cause; CRT/ICD; rehab; transplant/LVAD

Preventive Measures

Treat HTN/ischemia; GDMT adherence; avoid excessive salt/fluids.

Department to Visit

It is recommended to visit the Cardiology/Heart-failure department; an appointment can be booked on this platform before the visit.

Warm reminder: The above information is for health science reference only and cannot replace professional medical diagnosis. If you have related symptoms, please seek medical attention at a regular hospital promptly.