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Refractory (drug-resistant) epilepsy is defined as failure of adequate trials of two tolerated, appropriately chosen and used antiepileptic drug schedules to achieve sustained seizure freedom. It accounts for ~30% of epilepsy. Workup: video-EEG, MRI, and neuropsychology to localize the epileptogenic zone. Treatment: optimize antiepileptic therapy, consider epilepsy surgery (resection if lesional), vagus-nerve stimulation, or ketogenic diet; psychosocial support.
Persistent seizures despite 2+ appropriate antiepileptic drugs; seizure-related injury; cognitive/psychosocial impact
Focal lesion or pharmacoresistant network causes seizures uncontrolled by standard antiepileptic drugs.
Optimize AED therapy; epilepsy surgery if lesional; VNS; ketogenic diet; psychosocial support
Adherence; early epilepsy-surgery evaluation; seizure safety.
It is recommended to visit the Neurology department; an appointment can be booked on this platform before the visit.
Warm reminder: The above information is for health science reference only and cannot replace professional medical diagnosis. If you have related symptoms, please seek medical attention at a regular hospital promptly.
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