医
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Coronary artery fistula is anomalous termination of coronary artery branches into cardiac chamber/coronary sinus/PA/PV/SVC/bronchial vessels. RCA-RV most common 25%; left-sided rare. Often isolated; 25% with septal defect/valvular disease.
心胸外科Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula is congenital pulmonary vascular malformation; tortuous/cavenous; PA directly to PV bypassing alveoli. Churton 1897; Smith 1939 angiography. Familial; hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber).
心胸外科Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is most common cyanotic CHD. Four features: VSD, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, RV hypertrophy. Blalock-Taussig 1944. Cause: maternal viral infection/environment/genetics.
心胸外科Atrioventricular canal defect (endocardial cushion defect/AV septal defect) ranges from simple ASD physiology to single ventricle; from septum primum/endocardial cushion hypoplasia; 5% of ASDs. Partial/transitional/complete; A/B/C subtypes; may coexist wi
心胸外科Penetrating cardiac injury from high-velocity sharp foreign body; rarely sternal/rib fracture displacement. Right ventricle 47%, left 34%, right atrium 14%, left atrium 10%. Left ventricular rupture worse.
心胸外科Congenital pulmonary cyst is congenital lung malformation with single/multiple cysts; common in children. Bronchogenic cyst/alveolar cyst/pulmonary lobar emphysema/cystic adenomatoid malformation/cystic bronchiectasis. Asymptomatic until infection/compres
心胸外科Inhalation injury is chemical airway injury from toxic smoke/chemicals; may damage lung parenchyma. Common in large burns/head/neck burns; closed/explosion fires; CO poisoning.
心胸外科Tracheobronchial stenosis causes dyspnea/wheeze worsened by exertion/secretions; post-tracheostomy. CT tomography shows site/degree/length.
心胸外科Congenital tracheal disease includes abnormal bifurcation/course/stenosis. Postnatal obstructive dyspnea, inspiratory stridor; feeding difficulty/developmental delay; three-depression sign; worsens with infection. CT/endoscopy; surgery.
心胸外科The thymus is derived from 3rd (or 4th) pharyngeal pouch endoderm, attached to anterior mediastinum during development. Thymoma arises from thymic epithelium, ~50% of anterior mediastinal tumors; variable presentation, often with autoimmune abnormalities.
心胸外科Traumatic asphyxia is chest compression asphyxia, from trauma. Airway support/surgery are used.
心胸外科Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia is abdominal contents in thorax from trauma. Urgent surgery is used.
心胸外科Traumatic hemothorax is blood in pleural space from trauma. Chest drain/surgery are used.
心胸外科Open pneumothorax is sucking chest wound from trauma. Urgent closure/chest drain are used.
心胸外科Traumatic pneumothorax is air in pleural space from trauma. Chest drain/observation are used.
心胸外科Cardiac injury is damage to heart, from trauma. Urgent surgery/ICU are used.
心胸外科Sternal fracture is break in sternum, from chest trauma. Observation/surgery are used.
心胸外科Pulmonary hamartoma is benign lung tumor with cartilage, often incidental. Observation or resection is used.
心胸外科Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is abdominal contents herniating into thorax, causing pulmonary hypoplasia. Surgical repair is used.
心胸外科Pectus carinatum is pigeon chest protrusion, causing cosmetic concern. Bracing or Ravitch procedure is used.
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