医
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Tracheal obstruction is airway narrowing from tumor/infection/foreign body/stenosis; urgent airway, bronchoscopy, stenting/resection, treat cause.
心胸外科Mediastinal cyst is benign foregut/neurogenic/pericardial cyst; observe if asymptomatic, surgical excision if symptomatic/infected/mass.
心胸外科Mediastinal hernia is herniation of lung tissue across mediastinum; observe, treat underlying lung disease, surgery if symptomatic.
心胸外科Bronchogenic cyst is benign mediastinal/hilar cyst; observe if asymptomatic, surgical excision if symptomatic/infected/mass.
心胸外科Lung injury is direct/indirect lung trauma; supportive care, chest drainage, mechanical ventilation, treat complications, ICU.
心胸外科Pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor is benign inflammatory mass; observe, excise if uncertain/symptomatic, differentiate from malignancy.
心胸外科Pleural effusion is fluid in pleural space; diagnostic thoracentesis (Light's criteria), treat cause (heart failure/infection/malignancy).
心胸外科Hemothorax is blood in pleural space; chest drainage, treat bleeding (surgery/embolization), supportive, monitor shock.
心胸外科Closed pneumothorax is air in pleural space without bronchopleural communication; observation/aspiration/chest tube, treat cause.
心胸外科Tension pneumothorax is life-threatening air trapping shifting mediastinum; immediate needle decompression, chest tube, supportive care.
心胸外科Spontaneous pneumothorax is air in pleural space from ruptured bleb; observation/aspiration/chest tube, surgery for recurrent/secondary.
心胸外科Mediastinal abscess is deep mediastinal infection; IV broad-spectrum antibiotics, urgent surgical/endoscopic drainage, airway/vascular monitoring.
心胸外科Unilateral emphysema (Swyer-James/Macleod) is post-infectious unilateral hyperlucent lung; supportive, treat infection, follow imaging.
心胸外科Chylothorax is chyle in pleural space (thoracic-duct injury/congenital/malignancy); drainage, diet, octreotide, surgery/embolization.
心胸外科HOCM is asymmetric septal hypertrophy with LV outflow obstruction: dyspnea/angina/syncope; beta-blocker/CCB, septal reduction, ICD.
心胸外科Constrictive pericarditis is rigid pericardium restricting filling: right-heart failure; diuretics, pericardiectomy definitive.
心胸外科Chronic constrictive pericarditis is thickened rigid pericardium restricting filling: right-heart failure; diuretics, pericardiectomy (definitive).
心胸外科Acute MI is myocardial necrosis from coronary occlusion: chest pain/ST changes/troponin; urgent reperfusion (PCI/lytics), DAPT/statins/BB.
心胸外科Tricuspid stenosis (rheumatic) is narrowed tricuspid valve: right-heart failure/JVP a-wave; diuretics, surgery/commissurotomy.
心胸外科Rheumatic MR is regurgitation from rheumatic leaflet/chordal disease: dyspnea/palpitations; diuretics/ACEi, valve repair/replacement.
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