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Atlas fracture is C1 fracture, from axial load. Stabilization/surgery are used.
骨外科Zygomatic fracture is fracture of cheekbone, from trauma, with deformity. Reduction/observation are used.
骨外科Nasal bone fracture is fracture of nasal bone, from trauma, with deformity. Reduction/observation are used.
骨外科Temporal bone fracture is fracture of temporal bone, from trauma, with hearing loss. Surgery/observation are used.
骨外科Diaphyseal aclasis (multiple hereditary exostoses) is multiple osteochondromas causing deformity. Observation or excision is used.
骨外科Osteogenesis imperfecta is brittle bone disease with fractures and blue sclera, inherited. Bisphosphonates and surgery are used.
骨外科Achondroplasia is the most common short-limbed dwarfism, with rhizomelic shortening and macrocephaly. Supportive management is used.
骨外科Cervical rib is an extra rib at C7, often asymptomatic, causing thoracic outlet syndrome. Observation or resection is used.
骨外科Congenital clavicular pseudarthrosis is nonunion of the clavicle, causing painless mass. Surgical bone grafting is used.
骨外科Congenital radioulnar fusion is proximal radius-ulna bony fusion, causing fixed pronation. Surgical separation is used.
骨外科Congenital fibular absence is fibular longitudinal deficiency causing leg shortening. Limb lengthening or amputation is used.
骨外科Congenital tibial absence is tibial longitudinal deficiency causing leg shortening. Amputation or reconstruction is used.
骨外科Congenital ulnar absence is ulnar longitudinal deficiency causing ulnar club hand. Centralization or surgery is used.
骨外科Congenital radial absence is radial longitudinal deficiency causing radial club hand. Centralization or vascularized graft is used.
骨外科Sprengel deformity is undescended scapula, causing limited shoulder abduction. Surgical release is used.
骨外科Congenital shoulder dislocation is neonatal shoulder dislocation, often due to brachial plexus injury. Closed reduction is used.
骨外科Arthrogryposis is multiple congenital joint contractures, causing limited movement. Stretching and surgery are used.
骨外科Congenital tibial pseudarthrosis is tibial nonunion often with neurofibromatosis, causing fracture. Bracing or bone grafting is used.
骨外科Congenital knee dislocation is anterior knee dislocation at birth, often with ligamentous laxity. Closed reduction or surgery is used.
骨外科Congenital torticollis is sternocleidomastoid shortening causing neck tilt, common at birth. Stretching or surgical release is used.
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