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Ulnar nerve palsy is ulnar-nerve dysfunction: ring/little-finger numbness and hand intrinsic weakness; treat by splint, surgery if severe.
骨外科Pronator teres syndrome is median-nerve entrapment at forearm: volar forearm/hand pain, median-distribution numbness; treat by PT, surgery if severe.
骨外科Carpal-tunnel syndrome is median-nerve compression at wrist: thumb-index-middle numbness/thenar weakness; treat by splint, steroid injection, surgery.
骨外科Anterior-scalene syndrome is thoracic-outlet compression by scalenus anticus: arm pain/numbness; treat by PT, surgery if severe.
骨外科Costoclavicular syndrome is thoracic-outlet compression between clavicle and first rib causing arm neurovascular symptoms; treat by PT/posture, surgery.
骨外科Cervical-rib syndrome is thoracic-outlet compression by cervical rib causing arm pain/neurovascular symptoms; treat by PT, surgery if severe.
骨外科Restless legs syndrome is urge to move legs with uncomfortable sensations, worse rest/evening, relieved by movement; treat by dopamine agonists/gabapentinoids, iron.
骨外科Spasmodic torticollis is cervical dystonia: involuntary neck muscle contraction causing abnormal head posture; treat by botulinum toxin, oral meds, DBS.
骨外科Vitamin-D-dependent rickets type 1 (1-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency) and type 2 (VDR defect): rickets despite adequate vitamin D; treat with calcitriol/1-alpha-OH vitamin D.
骨外科Ochronosis (alkaptonuria) is homogentisate-oxidase deficiency causing dark pigment deposition in cartilage/sclera/urine, spondyloarthropathy; autosomal-recessive; supportive, high-dose vitamin C trial.
骨外科Rickets is vitamin-D deficiency in children causing defective bone mineralization: bowed legs, rachitic rosary, Harrison groove, delayed milestones; treat by vitamin-D/calcium.
骨外科Fungal (mycotic) arthritis is rare but increasing (opportunistic/new species, especially in immunosuppressed). Chronic course, delayed diagnosis. Common chronic granulomatous arthritis pathogens: Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces d
骨外科Syphilitic arthritis usually occurs at 20-40 years; some have an incubation >10 years before joint symptoms; latent syphilis may be triggered by trauma/delivery/infection. Congenital syphilitic arthritis mainly occurs at 6-10 years, rarely after 20. Diffe
骨外科With little surrounding soft tissue, ankle abscesses easily rupture through skin forming sinuses with chronic mixed infection, mostly anterior/lateral. Late signs include foot drop and varus deformity. Since the ankle communicates with the subtalar joint,
骨外科Knee TB, like other osteoarticular TB, is secondary, mostly from pulmonary TB. In large domestic series it ranks second after spinal TB and first among the six major joints. It is most common in children under 10 with no sex predilection; long course and
骨外科Sacroiliac TB is uncommon, ~8% of osteoarticular TB. Early symptoms and X-rays are nonspecific and easily misdiagnosed. As a local manifestation of systemic TB, it is receiving increasing attention. The joint is often severely destroyed with upward displa
骨外科Hip TB accounts for ~7.20% of systemic osteoarticular TB, second only to spinal TB. It is most common in children and young adults, more in males; 7-10% also have sacroiliac or lower lumbar TB, especially preschool children. Onset is insidious with altere
骨外科Wrist TB ranks third among upper limb joints at 0.43 per 100 osteoarticular TB patients, mostly in adults. As with other limb joints, patients often have TB elsewhere.
骨外科Elbow TB ranks first among the three major upper limb joints, accounting for 0.92% of systemic osteoarticular TB, most common in young adults; sex and side distribution are roughly equal, with bilateral cases reported. Most patients have TB elsewhere. Tho
骨外科The pubis is the anterior-inferior part of the hip bone, with a body and superior/inferior rami. Pubic TB is rare: in one series only 18 of 4140 cases (0.43%). It may relate to pubic symphysis injury during childbirth.
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