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Volvulus syndrome is terminal ileum and sigmoid colon twisting around each other; closed-loop obstruction. Middle-aged/elderly >45; M>F. Cecal/transverse colon volvulus rare.
普外科Primary lower extremity venous valve incompetence is common in standing/physical labor; teachers/farmers/surgeons. Heaviness/aching/fatigue; varicose veins/pigmentation/eczema/ulcer.
普外科Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease) is chronic progressive inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium arteries and veins of extremities; northern China; young males; lower limbs.
普外科Thrombophlebitis of superficial extremities is superficial venous thrombosis; red/swelling/warmth/tender cord-like nodule. Thrombosis and inflammation cause each other. Three types: chemical injection/mechanical/hypercoagulable.
普外科Primary varicose veins of lower extremity involve superficial veins only; valve insufficiency/wall weakness → elongated/tortuous/dilated veins. Great saphenous; prolonged standing. Treatment: stripping/laser/ablation/foam sclerotherapy.
普外科Capillary hemangioma is a common vascular tumor of dilated/proliferating capillaries, including strawberry hemangioma and port-wine stain. Infants, mostly female. The former is endothelial proliferation (benign tumor); the latter is congenital vascular ma
普外科Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a high-flow vascular malformation from abnormal embryonic vascular development causing direct artery-vein anastomosis without capillaries. ~1.5% of vascular anomalies; head/neck 50%, then extremities/trunk. ~60% present
普外科Angiosarcoma (malignant hemangioendothelioma) is a rare malignancy of vascular endothelial cells or mesenchymal cells differentiating toward endothelium. Tumor cells retain endothelial morphology/function. High-grade lesions have plump atypical endothelia
普外科Hemangioma is the most common congenital benign tumor of infants; up to 1% in Asians. Unique course: rapid proliferation then spontaneous involution. Arises from residual embryonic vascular endothelial cells. 60% occur in head/neck/face skin/subcutis/oral
普外科Teratoma arises from pluripotent germ cells, containing tissues from all three germ layers, disorganized. Cystic vs solid; benign vs malignant. Most common in ovary/testis; also mediastinum/sacrococcygeal/retroperitoneum/pineal. Benign (mature/cystic/derm
普外科Lipoma is a benign tumor of adipose tissue; thin fibrous capsule with lobulated normal fat cells separated by fibrous septa. Complex lipomas contain more connective tissue/vessels. Anywhere fat exists; rare malignant change. Common on shoulder/back/buttoc
普外科Gonococcal peritonitis
普外科Traumatic shock is circulatory failure from trauma, from injury. IV fluids/surgery are used.
普外科Barotrauma is pressure-related tissue injury, from pressure changes. Pressure equalization/surgery are used.
普外科Rectal foreign body is object in rectum, from insertion. Endoscopic removal is used.
肛肠科Esophageal foreign body is object stuck in esophagus, from swallowing. Endoscopic removal is used.
普外科Vascular injury is damage to blood vessel, from trauma. Urgent surgery/repair are used.
普外科Open fracture is bone break with open wound, from trauma. Surgery/antibiotics are used.
普外科Popliteal artery injury is damage to behind-knee artery, from trauma. Urgent surgery/vascular repair are used.
普外科Femoral artery injury is damage to thigh artery, from trauma. Urgent surgery/vascular repair are used.
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