医
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Mastitis is acute purulent infection of the breast, common in the puerperium and a cause of postpartum fever, commonest in lactating women, especially primiparas. It can occur any time during lactation, most often early. It is common in first-time mothers
普外科The female rectum and posterior vaginal wall are adjacent over about 9 cm, so trauma or inflammation can cause a rectovaginal fistula anywhere in this septum. It is the commonest fecal fistula in gynecology-obstetrics. Classification: low fistula repaired
肛肠科Rectocele is a special type of outlet-obstructive constipation. The weak anterior rectal wall, rectovaginal septum and posterior vaginal wall bulge forward into the vaginal vault, changing the direction of intra-abdominal pressure during defecation, causi
肛肠科Nipple fissure is a superficial ulcer of the nipple during lactation, usually in the first week, more common in primiparas than multiparas.
普外科Breast hyperplasia is a common breast disease in women. Its naming is confused: lobular hyperplasia, mammary dysplasia, fibrocystic disease; formerly chronic cystic mastitis, but it is not inflammatory. Its feature is proliferation of breast components wi
普外科Macromastia (breast hypertrophy, giant breast) means overdevelopment of the female breast with excessive glandular and fatty connective tissue, volume far exceeding the norm and disproportionate to the body. It may cause chest pressure, chronic mastitis,
普外科Acute mastitis is acute suppurative infection of the breast, inflammation within and around ducts, often forming abscess quickly, mostly from S. aureus or strep via lymphatics. It occurs in postpartum lactating women, especially primiparas. Bacteria enter
普外科Mastitis is acute suppurative infection of the breast, common in the puerperium and a cause of postpartum fever, most often in lactating women, especially primiparas. It may occur any time during lactation but is most common early on; primiparas account f
普外科Chronic mastitis starts slowly with long course, hard to cure and resolve. A firm ill-defined tender mass may be palpable, possibly adherent to skin but not ulcerating or suppurating. Local redness, heat and pain are absent; systemic fever, chills and fat
普外科A galactocele (milk stasis cyst) forms during lactation when one lobe drains poorly and milk accumulates in the breast. It presents as an intra-mammary mass, often misdiagnosed as a tumor. Structural dysplasia, inflammation or tumor compression causes duc
普外科Renal artery embolism includes renal artery emboli and thrombosis. Being rare and nonspecific, it is easily misdiagnosed or delayed; it can cause hypertension and acute renal failure. Under certain conditions the artery or branches locally thrombose or ar
普外科Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) was first reported by the French urologist Albarran in 1905, and after Ormond reported 2 cases in 1948 it became more widely recognized. Pathologically it is characterized by proliferation of retroperitoneal fibrous tissue c
普外科Lumbar muscle strain: low back pain from muscle overuse; rest, NSAIDs, PT/strengthening; follow-up orthopedics/PT.
普外科Necrotizing vasculitis is vessel-wall fibrinoid necrosis; glucocorticoids + cyclophosphamide/rituximab; treat trigger; follow-up rheumatology.
普外科Papular angiomatosis (Kimura/ALHE) is red nodules on head/neck; local excision, cryotherapy/laser, observation, monitor peripheral eosinophilia/lymphadenopathy, follow-up dermatology/ENT.
普外科Pyoderma gangrenosum is painful necrolytic ulcer with undermined violaceous border; systemic corticosteroids/cyclosporine/tacrolimus/biologics (infliximab), wound care, treat associated IBD/arthritis/hematologic disease, avoid surgery (pathergy).
普外科Omphalitis is neonatal/umbilical infection; anti-staph/strep antibiotics, cord care, drainage if abscess, monitor necrotizing fasciitis/sepsis.
普外科Scalp infection (folliculitis/furuncle/cellulitis/abscess/tinea capitis); anti-staph/strep antibiotics, oral antifungal if tinea, drainage if abscess, hygiene.
普外科Paronychia is nail-fold infection; warm soaks, topical mupirocin/antifungal, oral antibiotics if extensive, drainage if abscess, treat candida if chronic.
普外科Short bowel syndrome is malabsorption after extensive small-bowel resection; nutrition (TPN/enteral), PEP, tongs, GLP-2 analogs (teduglutide), transplant for end-stage.
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